feat(backend): replace Selenium with Playwright

BREAKING CHANGE: backend now requires Python 3.12 or newer.

.env.example

@@ -38,18 +38,11 @@ SMTP_SENDER_PASSWORD=your-auth-code-here
 # 是否使用 SSL/TLS（True/False，默认 True）
 SMTP_USE_SSL=True
 
-# ==================== Selenium / Chrome 配置 ====================
+# ==================== Playwright 浏览器配置 ====================
-# Chrome 浏览器可执行文件路径（可选，留空则自动检测系统 Chrome）
+# 浏览器可执行文件路径（可选，留空则使用 Playwright 管理的 Chromium）
-# Windows 示例：CHROME_BINARY_PATH=C:\Program Files\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe
+# Windows 示例：BROWSER_EXECUTABLE_PATH=C:\Program Files\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe
-# Linux 示例：CHROME_BINARY_PATH=/usr/bin/google-chrome
+# Linux 示例：BROWSER_EXECUTABLE_PATH=/usr/bin/google-chrome
-# 如果留空，Selenium 会使用系统默认 Chrome
+BROWSER_EXECUTABLE_PATH=
-CHROME_BINARY_PATH=
-
-# ChromeDriver 可执行文件路径（可选，留空则使用 Selenium Manager 自动下载）
-# Windows 示例：CHROMEDRIVER_PATH=D:\chromedriver\chromedriver.exe
-# Linux 示例：CHROMEDRIVER_PATH=/usr/local/bin/chromedriver
-# 推荐留空，让 Selenium Manager 自动管理 ChromeDriver 版本
-CHROMEDRIVER_PATH=
 
 # ==================== 定时任务配置 ====================
 # 注意：每个任务的打卡时间由任务自身的 cron_expression 字段控制

README.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 [![FastAPI](https://img.shields.io/badge/FastAPI-0.115+-green.svg)](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/)
 [![Vue 3](https://img.shields.io/badge/Vue-3.5+-brightgreen.svg)](https://vuejs.org/)
-[![Python](https://img.shields.io/badge/Python-3.9+-blue.svg)](https://www.python.org/)
+[![Python](https://img.shields.io/badge/Python-3.12+-blue.svg)](https://www.python.org/)
 
 接龙自动打卡系统，通过 QQ 登录实现每日自动考勤提交。
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 ## 技术栈
 
-**后端**: FastAPI + SQLAlchemy + APScheduler + Selenium  
+**后端**: FastAPI + SQLAlchemy + APScheduler + Playwright  
 **前端**: Vue 3 + TypeScript + shadcn-vue + Tailwind  
 **数据库**: SQLite  
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 ### 环境要求
 
-- Python 3.9+
+- Python 3.12+
 - uv
 - Node.js 20+
 - pnpm
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 ```bash
 # 后端
 uv sync
+uv run playwright install chromium
 uv run python main.py backend
 
 # 前端

apps/backend/api/auth.py

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ async def cancel_qrcode_session(session_id: str):
 
     - **session_id**: 会话 ID
 
-    用于用户关闭二维码对话框时,终止后台的 Selenium 进程
+    用于用户关闭二维码对话框时,终止后台的 Playwright 进程
     """
     try:
         result = AuthService.cancel_qrcode_session(session_id)

apps/backend/config.py

@@ -60,9 +60,8 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     TOKEN_CHECK_INTERVAL_MINUTES: int = 30  # Token 检查间隔（分钟）
     SESSION_CLEANUP_INTERVAL_HOURS: int = 24  # 会话清理间隔（小时）
 
-    # Selenium / Chrome 配置（从 .env 读取）
+    # Playwright / browser 配置（从 .env 读取）
-    CHROME_BINARY_PATH: str = ""
+    BROWSER_EXECUTABLE_PATH: str = ""
-    CHROMEDRIVER_PATH: str = ""
 
 
 settings = Settings()

apps/backend/services/auth_service.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class AuthService:
             # 老用户：刷新 Token
             logger.info(f"老用户 {alias} 请求刷新 Token，会话: {session_id}")
 
-            # 在后台线程启动 Selenium，传入 jwt_sub
+            # 在后台线程启动 Playwright，传入 jwt_sub
             thread = threading.Thread(
                 target=get_token_headless,
                 args=(session_id, existing_user.jwt_sub, alias, client_ip),
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class AuthService:
 
             logger.info(f"新用户 {alias} 请求注册，会话: {session_id}，已预占用户名")
 
-            # 在后台线程启动 Selenium，不传入 jwt_sub（新用户）
+            # 在后台线程启动 Playwright，不传入 jwt_sub（新用户）
             thread = threading.Thread(
                 target=get_token_headless, args=(session_id, None, alias, client_ip), daemon=True
             )

apps/backend/services/check_in_service.py

@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ class CheckInService:
             }
 
         # 执行打卡（传递 task 对象和用户 token）
-        logger.info(f"🤖 调用 Selenium Worker 执行打卡...")
+        logger.info(f"🤖 调用 Playwright Worker 执行打卡...")
         result = perform_check_in(task, user.authorization)
 
         # 如果是 Token 过期导致的失败，处理 Token 过期情况

apps/backend/workers/browser_automation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Iterable, Mapping
+
+
+DEFAULT_USER_AGENT = (
+    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) "
+    "AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/140.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
+)
+
+
+def _mapping_get(item: Any, key: str, default: Any = None) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(item, Mapping):
+        return item.get(key, default)
+    return getattr(item, key, default)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PlaywrightLaunchConfig:
+    executable_path: str = ""
+    headless: bool = True
+    args: tuple[str, ...] = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: ("--no-sandbox", "--disable-dev-shm-usage")
+    )
+    user_agent: str = DEFAULT_USER_AGENT
+    viewport_width: int = 1920
+    viewport_height: int = 1080
+    ignore_https_errors: bool = True
+
+    def to_launch_kwargs(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "headless": self.headless,
+            "args": list(self.args),
+        }
+        if self.executable_path:
+            kwargs["executable_path"] = self.executable_path
+        return kwargs
+
+    def to_context_kwargs(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "user_agent": self.user_agent,
+            "viewport": {"width": self.viewport_width, "height": self.viewport_height},
+            "ignore_https_errors": self.ignore_https_errors,
+        }
+
+
+def extract_cookie_value(cookies: Iterable[Any], cookie_name: str) -> str | None:
+    for cookie in cookies:
+        if _mapping_get(cookie, "name") == cookie_name:
+            value = _mapping_get(cookie, "value")
+            if isinstance(value, str) and value.strip():
+                return value
+    return None
+
+
+def extract_payload_header(headers: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str | None:
+    for key, value in headers.items():
+        if key.lower() == "x-api-request-payload" and isinstance(value, str):
+            stripped = value.strip()
+            if stripped:
+                return stripped
+    return None
+
+
+def save_page_debug_artifacts(page: Any, screenshot_path: Path, html_path: Path) -> None:
+    screenshot_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    page.screenshot(path=str(screenshot_path))
+    html_path.write_text(page.content(), encoding="utf-8")

apps/backend/workers/check_in_worker.py

@@ -1,23 +1,33 @@
-import requests
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
-import time
-import os
 import logging
-from selenium import webdriver
+import requests
-from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
+import time
-from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
 from typing import Dict, Any
 
+from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
+
 from backend.config import settings
+from backend.workers.browser_automation import (
+    PlaywrightLaunchConfig,
+    extract_payload_header,
+    save_page_debug_artifacts,
+)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-# Chrome 配置路径 - 从设置中读取
+BASE_DIR = settings.BASE_DIR
-CHROME_BINARY_PATH = settings.CHROME_BINARY_PATH
+DEBUG_SCREENSHOT_PATH = BASE_DIR / "payload_debug.png"
-CHROMEDRIVER_PATH = settings.CHROMEDRIVER_PATH
+DEBUG_PAGE_SOURCE_PATH = BASE_DIR / "payload_debug_page_source.html"
 
 
-def get_live_x_api_payload(auth_token: str) -> str:
+def get_browser_config() -> PlaywrightLaunchConfig:
+    """获取 Playwright 浏览器配置（从 settings 读取）"""
+    return PlaywrightLaunchConfig(executable_path=settings.BROWSER_EXECUTABLE_PATH)
+
+
+def get_live_x_api_payload(auth_token: str) -> str | None:
     """
     启动一个临时的无头浏览器会话，获取新鲜的 x-api-request-payload
 
@@ -27,89 +37,89 @@ def get_live_x_api_payload(auth_token: str) -> str:
     Returns:
         x-api-request-payload 值，失败返回 None
     """
-    logger.info("正在启动临时浏览器会话以监听网络日志...")
+    logger.info("正在启动临时 Playwright 会话以监听网络请求...")
-
-    # 根据配置创建 Service
-    if CHROMEDRIVER_PATH:
-        service = Service(executable_path=CHROMEDRIVER_PATH)
-    else:
-        service = Service()  # 使用 Selenium Manager 自动管理
-
-    chrome_options = Options()
-
-    # 如果配置了 Chrome 路径，则使用配置的路径
-    if CHROME_BINARY_PATH:
-        chrome_options.binary_location = CHROME_BINARY_PATH
-
-    # 开启性能日志记录功能
-    logging_prefs = {"performance": "ALL"}
-    chrome_options.set_capability("goog:loggingPrefs", logging_prefs)
-
-    # Headless 模式配置
-    user_agent = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/140.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
-    chrome_options.add_argument(f"user-agent={user_agent}")
-    chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
-    chrome_options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
-    chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")
-    chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")
-    chrome_options.add_argument("--ignore-certificate-errors")
-    chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
-
-    driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=chrome_options)
 
+    browser = None
+    context = None
+    page = None
     payload_signature = None
+
+    playwright = None
     try:
-        # 导航到同源空白页，用于设置 Cookie
+        browser_config = get_browser_config()
-        driver.get("https://i.jielong.com/my-class")
 
-        # 注入长期 Token
+        playwright = sync_playwright().start()
-        driver.add_cookie({"name": "token", "value": auth_token, "domain": ".jielong.com"})
+        browser = playwright.chromium.launch(**browser_config.to_launch_kwargs())
+        context = browser.new_context(**browser_config.to_context_kwargs())
+        page = context.new_page()
 
-        # 导航到触发 API 的页面
+        def on_request(request) -> None:
-        driver.get("https://i.jielong.com/my-form")
+            nonlocal payload_signature
+            if payload_signature:
+                return
 
-        # 等待并捕获 x-api-request-payload
+            payload = extract_payload_header(request.headers)
-        max_wait_time = 20  # 最多等待20秒
+            if payload:
+                payload_signature = payload
+                logger.info("成功通过 Playwright 捕获到现场的 x-api-request-payload！")
+
+        page.on("request", on_request)
+
+        page.goto("https://i.jielong.com/my-class", wait_until="domcontentloaded", timeout=60000)
+        context.add_cookies(
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "token",
+                    "value": auth_token,
+                    "domain": ".jielong.com",
+                    "path": "/",
+                }
+            ]
+        )
+
+        page.goto("https://i.jielong.com/my-form", wait_until="domcontentloaded", timeout=60000)
+
+        max_wait_time = 20
         start_time = time.time()
-        found = False
-
         while time.time() - start_time < max_wait_time:
-            logs = driver.get_log("performance")
+            if payload_signature:
-            for entry in logs:
-                log = json.loads(entry["message"])["message"]
-                if log["method"] == "Network.requestWillBeSent":
-                    headers = log.get("params", {}).get("request", {}).get("headers", {})
-                    headers_lower = {k.lower(): v for k, v in headers.items()}
-                    if "x-api-request-payload" in headers_lower:
-                        payload_signature = headers_lower["x-api-request-payload"]
-                        logger.info("成功通过网络日志捕获到现场的 x-api-request-payload！")
-                        found = True
                 break
-            if found:
+            page.wait_for_timeout(500)
-                break
-            time.sleep(1)
 
         if not payload_signature:
             raise Exception(
-                f"在 {max_wait_time} 秒内未能通过网络日志捕获到 x-api-request-payload。"
+                f"在 {max_wait_time} 秒内未能通过网络请求捕获到 x-api-request-payload。"
             )
 
     except Exception as e:
         logger.error(f"获取现场 x-api-request-payload 时失败: {e}")
         try:
-            debug_screenshot = os.path.join(settings.BASE_DIR, "payload_debug.png")
+            if page:
-            driver.save_screenshot(debug_screenshot)
+                save_page_debug_artifacts(page, DEBUG_SCREENSHOT_PATH, DEBUG_PAGE_SOURCE_PATH)
         except Exception as screenshot_error:
             logger.warning(f"保存调试截图失败: {screenshot_error}")
 
     finally:
-        # 优雅关闭 WebDriver，避免 Windows asyncio ConnectionResetError
+        if page:
             try:
-            driver.quit()
+                page.close()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        if context:
+            try:
+                context.close()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        if browser:
+            try:
+                browser.close()
             except Exception as e:
-            # 忽略 WebDriver 关闭时的连接错误（Windows 平台常见问题）
+                logger.warning(f"关闭 Playwright 浏览器时出现警告: {e}")
-            if "WinError 10054" not in str(e) and "ConnectionResetError" not in str(e):
+        if playwright:
-                logger.warning(f"关闭 WebDriver 时出现警告: {e}")
+            try:
+                playwright.stop()
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(f"关闭 Playwright runtime 时出现警告: {e}")
 
     return payload_signature
 
@@ -129,13 +139,12 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
             - response_text: 响应文本
             - error_message: 错误信息
     """
-    # 从 payload_config 中提取 Signature 用于日志
     from backend.utils.json_helpers import safe_parse_payload, extract_signature
 
     payload_dict = safe_parse_payload(task.payload_config)
     signature = extract_signature(task.payload_config) or "Unknown"
 
-    logger.info(f"Selenium打卡: 正在为任务 ID: {task.id} (Signature: {signature}) 执行打卡...")
+    logger.info(f"Playwright打卡: 正在为任务 ID: {task.id} (Signature: {signature}) 执行打卡...")
 
     if not user_token:
         error_msg = f"任务 ID: {task.id} (Signature: {signature}) 的 Token 为空，跳过。"
@@ -147,7 +156,6 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
             "error_message": error_msg,
         }
 
-    # 获取 x-api-request-payload
     payload_signature = get_live_x_api_payload(user_token)
     if not payload_signature:
         error_msg = f"任务 ID: {task.id} (Signature: {signature}) 未能获取到现场签名，打卡中止。"
@@ -160,7 +168,6 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         }
 
     try:
-        # 使用任务的 payload_config（从模板生成的完整配置，包含 ThreadId）
         from backend.utils.json_helpers import safe_parse_payload, extract_thread_id
 
         payload = safe_parse_payload(task.payload_config)
@@ -190,7 +197,6 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
         url = "https://api.jielong.com/api/CheckIn/EditRecord"
 
-        # 打印请求详情用于调试
         payload_json = json.dumps(payload, ensure_ascii=False)
         logger.info(f"📤 打卡请求详情 - 任务 ID: {task.id} (Signature: {signature})")
         logger.info(f"📍 URL: {url}")
@@ -205,11 +211,8 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
             f"✉️ 任务 ID: {task.id} (Signature: {signature}) 打卡请求完成！响应: {response_text}"
         )
 
-        # 判断响应内容（参考 V1 实现逻辑）
-        # 情况1: 明确包含"打卡成功" → 成功
         if "打卡成功" in response_text:
             logger.info(f"✅ 检测到成功关键字 '打卡成功'，打卡成功")
-            # 发送成功邮件通知
             if task.user and task.user.email:
                 try:
                     from backend.services.email_service import EmailService
@@ -229,8 +232,6 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
                 "error_message": "",
             }
 
-        # 情况2: 已经提交过了（重复提交）→ 视为成功，但不发送邮件
-        # 匹配 "已被提交" 或 "已经打卡"
         elif (
             "已被提交" in response_text
             or "已经打卡" in response_text
@@ -244,8 +245,6 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
                 "error_message": "",
             }
 
-        # 情况3: 不在打卡时间范围 → 标记为时间范围外
-        # 匹配 Data 或 Description 中的内容
         elif "不在打卡时间范围" in response_text or "不在打卡时间" in response_text:
             logger.warning(f"⏰ 检测到'不在打卡时间范围'，打卡时间不符")
             return {
@@ -255,8 +254,6 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
                 "error_message": "不在打卡时间范围内",
             }
 
-        # 情况4: Token 失效的特征标识 → 失败
-        # 扩展检测条件：检测多种 Token 失效的响应特征
         elif (
             "登录" in response_text
             or "授权" in response_text
@@ -266,16 +263,13 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
             or response.status_code == 401
         ):
             logger.warning(f"⚠️ 检测到Token失效特征，Token 可能已失效")
-            # 发送打卡失败邮件通知（邮件内容已包含Token失效提醒和刷新指引）
             if task.user and task.user.email:
                 try:
                     from backend.services.email_service import EmailService
                     from backend.utils.json_helpers import build_task_info
 
-                    # 使用辅助函数构建 task_info（从 task 对象提取信息）
                     task_info = build_task_info(task)
 
-                    # 只发送打卡失败通知（内容已说明Token失效）
                     EmailService.notify_check_in_result(
                         task.user, task_info, False, "Token 已失效，需要重新授权"
                     )
@@ -284,15 +278,13 @@ def perform_check_in(task, user_token: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
             return {
                 "success": False,
-                "status": "token_expired",  # 特殊状态，用于标识 Token 过期
+                "status": "token_expired",
                 "response_text": response_text,
                 "error_message": "Token 已失效，需要重新授权",
             }
 
-        # 情况5: 其他响应 → 需要人工确认（标记为异常）
         else:
             logger.warning(f"⚠️ 未识别的响应内容，请检查: {response_text[:200]}...")
-            # 标记为未知状态，记录完整响应供后续分析
             return {
                 "success": False,
                 "status": "unknown",

apps/backend/workers/token_refresher.py

@@ -1,34 +1,32 @@
-import os
+from __future__ import annotations
-import logging
+
+import base64
 import json
-from pathlib import Path
+import logging
-from selenium import webdriver
+import time
-from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
+
-from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
-from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
-from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
-from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
 from filelock import FileLock
+from playwright.sync_api import TimeoutError as PlaywrightTimeoutError
+from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
 
 from backend.config import settings
+from backend.services.registration_manager import registration_manager
+from backend.workers.browser_automation import (
+    PlaywrightLaunchConfig,
+    extract_cookie_value,
+    save_page_debug_artifacts,
+)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-# Chrome 配置路径
 BASE_DIR = settings.BASE_DIR
-
+DEBUG_SCREENSHOT_PATH = BASE_DIR / "debug_screenshot.png"
-# 调试文件路径
+DEBUG_PAGE_SOURCE_PATH = BASE_DIR / "debug_page_source.html"
-DEBUG_SCREENSHOT_PATH = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "debug_screenshot.png")
-DEBUG_PAGE_SOURCE_PATH = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "debug_page_source.html")
 
 
-def get_chrome_config():
+def get_browser_config() -> PlaywrightLaunchConfig:
-    """获取 Chrome 配置（从 settings 读取）"""
+    """获取 Playwright 浏览器配置（从 settings 读取）"""
-    return {
+    return PlaywrightLaunchConfig(executable_path=settings.BROWSER_EXECUTABLE_PATH)
-        "chrome_binary": settings.CHROME_BINARY_PATH,
-        "chromedriver": settings.CHROMEDRIVER_PATH,
-    }
 
 
 def update_session_file(session_id: str, data: dict) -> None:
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ def update_session_file(session_id: str, data: dict) -> None:
         logger.error(f"写入会话文件 {filepath} 失败: {e}")
 
 
-def get_session_status(session_id: str) -> str:
+def get_session_status(session_id: str) -> str | None:
     """安全地读取会话文件的状态"""
     filepath = settings.SESSION_DIR / f"{session_id}.json"
     lock_path = settings.SESSION_DIR / f"{session_id}.json.lock"
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ def get_session_status(session_id: str) -> str:
         return None
 
 
-def get_session_data(session_id: str) -> dict:
+def get_session_data(session_id: str) -> dict | None:
     """读取完整的会话数据"""
     filepath = settings.SESSION_DIR / f"{session_id}.json"
     lock_path = settings.SESSION_DIR / f"{session_id}.json.lock"
@@ -108,7 +106,6 @@ def cancel_session(session_id: str) -> bool:
 
     try:
         with FileLock(lock_path, timeout=5):
-            # 读取当前会话数据
             from backend.utils.json_helpers import safe_parse_json
 
             with open(filepath, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
@@ -117,16 +114,13 @@ def cancel_session(session_id: str) -> bool:
                     return False
                 data = safe_parse_json(content, {})
 
-            # 如果已经成功,不允许取消
             if data.get("status") == "success":
                 logger.info(f"会话 {session_id} 已成功,无法取消")
                 return False
 
-            # 标记为已取消
             data["status"] = "cancelled"
             data["message"] = "用户取消登录"
 
-            # 写回文件
             with open(filepath, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 json.dump(data, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
 
@@ -138,11 +132,29 @@ def cancel_session(session_id: str) -> bool:
         return False
 
 
+def _close_quietly(resource, label: str) -> None:
+    if not resource:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        resource.close()
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning(f"关闭 {label} 时出现警告: {e}")
+
+
+def _release_alias_if_needed(alias: str | None, session_id: str) -> None:
+    if not alias:
+        return
+
+    registration_manager.release_alias(alias, session_id)
+    logger.info(f"释放用户名预占: {alias}")
+
+
 def get_token_headless(
     session_id: str, jwt_sub: str = None, alias: str = None, client_ip: str = ""
 ) -> None:
     """
-    使用 Selenium 获取 QQ 扫码登录的 Token
+    使用 Playwright 获取 QQ 扫码登录的 Token
 
     Args:
         session_id: 会话 ID
@@ -150,177 +162,119 @@ def get_token_headless(
         alias: 用户别名（用于新用户注册）
         client_ip: 客户端 IP 地址
     """
-    driver = None
     current_step = "初始化"
+    browser = None
+    context = None
+    page = None
 
+    playwright = None
     try:
-        # 获取 Chrome 配置
+        browser_config = get_browser_config()
-        chrome_config = get_chrome_config()
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
-        chrome_binary_path = chrome_config["chrome_binary"]
-        chromedriver_path = chrome_config["chromedriver"]
 
-        # 配置 Chrome 选项
+        playwright = sync_playwright().start()
-        current_step = "配置 ChromeDriver"
+        current_step = "启动浏览器"
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
+        browser = playwright.chromium.launch(**browser_config.to_launch_kwargs())
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): 浏览器启动成功")
 
-        chrome_options = Options()
+        current_step = "创建上下文"
+        context = browser.new_context(**browser_config.to_context_kwargs())
+        page = context.new_page()
 
-        # 如果指定了自定义 Chrome 路径，则使用
-        if chrome_binary_path:
-            chrome_options.binary_location = chrome_binary_path
-            logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 使用自定义 Chrome 路径: {chrome_binary_path}")
-        else:
-            logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 使用系统默认 Chrome")
-
-        # Headless 模式配置
-        user_agent = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/140.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
-        chrome_options.add_argument(f"user-agent={user_agent}")
-        chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
-        chrome_options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
-        chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")
-        chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")
-        chrome_options.add_argument("--ignore-certificate-errors")
-        chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
-
-        # 启动浏览器
-        current_step = "启动 Chrome 浏览器"
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
-
-        # 如果指定了 ChromeDriver 路径，则使用 Service；否则让 Selenium 自动管理
-        if chromedriver_path:
-            service = Service(executable_path=chromedriver_path)
-            driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=chrome_options)
-            logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 使用自定义 ChromeDriver: {chromedriver_path}")
-        else:
-            driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
-            logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 使用 Selenium Manager 自动管理 ChromeDriver")
-
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): Chrome 浏览器启动成功")
         current_step = "导航到登录页面"
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
-        driver.get("https://i.jielong.com/login?redirectTo=https%3A%2F%2Fi.jielong.com%2F")
+        page.goto(
+            "https://i.jielong.com/login?redirectTo=https%3A%2F%2Fi.jielong.com%2F",
+            wait_until="domcontentloaded",
+            timeout=60000,
+        )
 
-        wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 60)
-
-        # --- 步骤 1: 点击切换到 QQ 登录 ---
         current_step = "查找并点击切换按钮"
-        toggle_button_selector = "div.login-wrap .toggle"
+        toggle_button = page.locator("div.login-wrap .toggle")
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): {current_step} ({toggle_button_selector})...")
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
-        toggle_button = wait.until(
+        toggle_button.click(timeout=60000)
-            EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, toggle_button_selector))
-        )
-        toggle_button.click()
 
-        # --- 步骤 2: 勾选同意服务协议 ---
         current_step = "勾选同意服务协议"
-        checkbox_selector = "input.ant-checkbox-input[type='checkbox']"
+        checkbox = page.locator("input.ant-checkbox-input[type='checkbox']")
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): {current_step} ({checkbox_selector})...")
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
-        checkbox = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, checkbox_selector)))
+        if not checkbox.is_checked():
-        if not checkbox.is_selected():
+            checkbox.click(timeout=60000)
-            checkbox.click()
+            logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): 已勾选服务协议")
-            logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 已勾选服务协议")
 
-        # --- 步骤 3: 点击"立即登录"按钮 ---
         current_step = "点击立即登录按钮"
-        login_button_selector = "button.css-1wli0ry.ant-btn.ant-btn-default.login-btn"
+        login_button = page.locator("button.css-1wli0ry.ant-btn.ant-btn-default.login-btn")
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): {current_step} ({login_button_selector})...")
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
-        login_button = wait.until(
+        login_button.click(timeout=60000)
-            EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, login_button_selector))
-        )
-        login_button.click()
 
-        # --- 步骤 4: 等待二维码加载 ---
+        current_step = "等待二维码刷新"
-        import time
+        page.wait_for_timeout(3000)
-
-        time.sleep(3)  # 等待几秒让二维码刷新出来
 
         current_step = "等待QQ二维码图片加载"
-        qq_qr_image_selector = "#login_container img"
+        qr_locator = page.locator("#login_container img").first
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): {current_step} ({qq_qr_image_selector})...")
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
-        qr_element = wait.until(
+        qr_locator.wait_for(state="visible", timeout=60000)
-            EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, qq_qr_image_selector))
-        )
 
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 成功找到QQ二维码元素，正在截图...")
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): 成功找到QQ二维码元素，正在截图...")
-        qr_base64 = qr_element.screenshot_as_base64
+        qr_base64 = base64.b64encode(qr_locator.screenshot(timeout=60000)).decode("ascii")
         update_session_file(
             session_id,
             {
                 "status": "waiting_scan",
                 "qr_image_data": qr_base64,
                 "jwt_sub": jwt_sub,
-                "alias": alias,  # 新增：保存 alias
+                "alias": alias,
-                "client_ip": client_ip,  # 新增：保存 IP
+                "client_ip": client_ip,
             },
         )
 
         current_step = "等待用户扫描登录 (Cookie 'token' 出现)"
-        cookie_name_to_find = "token"
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
-        logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): {current_step}...")
 
-        # 自定义等待逻辑:每秒检查cookie和session状态
         max_wait_seconds = 120
-        import time
+        for _ in range(max_wait_seconds):
-
-        for i in range(max_wait_seconds):
-            # 检查session是否被取消
             status = get_session_status(session_id)
             if status == "cancelled":
-                logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 用户取消了登录,终止会话")
+                logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): 用户取消了登录,终止会话")
-                raise Exception("用户取消登录")
+                _release_alias_if_needed(alias, session_id)
+                return
 
-            # 检查cookie是否出现
+            token = extract_cookie_value(context.cookies(), "token")
-            cookie = driver.get_cookie(cookie_name_to_find)
+            if token:
-            if cookie:
+                logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): 成功在Cookie中捕获到Token！")
-                break
-
-            time.sleep(1)
-        else:
-            # 超时未获取到cookie
-            raise TimeoutException("等待扫码超时")
-
-        cookie = driver.get_cookie(cookie_name_to_find)
-        if cookie:
-            logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 成功在Cookie中捕获到Token！")
                 update_session_file(
                     session_id,
                     {
                         "status": "success",
-                    "token": cookie["value"],
+                        "token": token,
-                    "alias": alias,  # 保存 alias
+                        "alias": alias,
-                    "client_ip": client_ip,  # 保存 IP
+                        "client_ip": client_ip,
                     },
                 )
-        else:
+                return
-            raise Exception("等待Cookie成功但获取失败")
 
-    except TimeoutException:
+            time.sleep(1)
+
+        raise PlaywrightTimeoutError("等待扫码超时")
+
+    except PlaywrightTimeoutError:
         if get_session_status(session_id) == "success":
             logger.warning(
-                f"Selenium ({session_id}): 一个并发线程超时，但会话已成功，将忽略此超时。"
+                f"Playwright ({session_id}): 一个并发线程超时，但会话已成功，将忽略此超时。"
             )
         else:
-            # 释放预占的用户名
+            _release_alias_if_needed(alias, session_id)
-            if alias:
+            error_message = f"操作超时！卡在了步骤: '{current_step}'。请检查页面选择器或网络。"
-                from backend.services.registration_manager import registration_manager
+            logger.error(f"Playwright ({session_id}): {error_message}")
 
-                registration_manager.release_alias(alias, session_id)
+            if page:
-                logger.info(f"超时释放用户名预占: {alias}")
-
-            error_message = f"操作超时！卡在了步骤: '{current_step}'。请检查CSS选择器或网络。"
-            logger.error(f"Selenium ({session_id}): {error_message}")
-
-            # 保存调试信息（仅当 driver 已创建时）
-            if driver:
                 try:
-                    driver.save_screenshot(DEBUG_SCREENSHOT_PATH)
+                    save_page_debug_artifacts(page, DEBUG_SCREENSHOT_PATH, DEBUG_PAGE_SOURCE_PATH)
-                    with open(DEBUG_PAGE_SOURCE_PATH, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
-                        f.write(driver.page_source)
                     logger.error(
-                        f"Selenium ({session_id}): 调试截图和源码已保存。当前URL: {driver.current_url}"
+                        f"Playwright ({session_id}): 调试截图和源码已保存。当前URL: {page.url}"
                     )
                 except Exception as debug_error:
-                    logger.error(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 保存调试信息失败: {debug_error}")
+                    logger.error(f"Playwright ({session_id}): 保存调试信息失败: {debug_error}")
 
             update_session_file(
                 session_id, {"status": "error", "message": error_message, "jwt_sub": jwt_sub}
@@ -329,25 +283,29 @@ def get_token_headless(
     except Exception as e:
         if get_session_status(session_id) == "success":
             logger.warning(
-                f"Selenium ({session_id}): 一个并发线程出错 ({e})，但会话已成功，将忽略此错误。"
+                f"Playwright ({session_id}): 一个并发线程出错 ({e})，但会话已成功，将忽略此错误。"
             )
         else:
-            # 释放预占的用户名
+            _release_alias_if_needed(alias, session_id)
-            if alias:
+            logger.error(f"Playwright ({session_id}): 发生未知错误: {e}", exc_info=True)
-                from backend.services.registration_manager import registration_manager
 
-                registration_manager.release_alias(alias, session_id)
+            if page:
-                logger.info(f"异常释放用户名预占: {alias}")
+                try:
+                    save_page_debug_artifacts(page, DEBUG_SCREENSHOT_PATH, DEBUG_PAGE_SOURCE_PATH)
+                except Exception as debug_error:
+                    logger.error(f"Playwright ({session_id}): 保存调试信息失败: {debug_error}")
 
-            logger.error(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 发生未知错误: {e}", exc_info=True)
             update_session_file(
                 session_id, {"status": "error", "message": str(e), "jwt_sub": jwt_sub}
             )
 
     finally:
-        if driver:
+        _close_quietly(page, "页面")
+        _close_quietly(context, "浏览器上下文")
+        _close_quietly(browser, "浏览器")
+        if playwright:
             try:
-                driver.quit()
+                playwright.stop()
-                logger.info(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 浏览器已关闭")
+            except Exception as e:
-            except Exception as quit_error:
+                logger.warning(f"关闭 Playwright runtime 时出现警告: {e}")
-                logger.error(f"Selenium ({session_id}): 关闭浏览器失败: {quit_error}")
+        logger.info(f"Playwright ({session_id}): 浏览器已关闭")

docs/architecture.md

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ CheckIn App V2 采用用户-任务分离架构，一个用户可管理多个打
 - **FastAPI**: Web 框架，自动生成 API 文档
 - **SQLAlchemy**: ORM，支持多数据库
 - **APScheduler**: 任务调度，动态加载 cron 任务
-- **Selenium**: 浏览器自动化，获取 QQ Token 和打卡 payload
+- **Playwright**: 浏览器自动化，获取 QQ Token 和打卡 payload
 - **JWT**: 身份认证
 - **SMTP**: 邮件通知
 
@@ -86,10 +86,10 @@ CheckIn App V2 采用用户-任务分离架构，一个用户可管理多个打
 
 1. 用户输入 alias
 2. 后端检查 alias 可用性和频率限制
-3. Selenium 启动 headless Chrome，打开接龙登录页
+3. Playwright 启动 headless Chromium，打开接龙登录页
 4. 生成 QR code，返回给前端
 5. 用户手机 QQ 扫码
-6. Selenium 检测登录成功，提取 authorization token 和 jwt
+6. Playwright 检测登录成功，提取 authorization token 和 jwt
 7. 存储用户信息（待审批状态）
 8. 管理员审批后用户可登录
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ CheckIn App V2 采用用户-任务分离架构，一个用户可管理多个打
 
 1. 用户点击任务的"立即打卡"按钮
 2. 后端异步执行打卡任务
-3. Selenium 获取最新 x-api-request-payload
+3. Playwright 获取最新 x-api-request-payload
 4. 使用用户的 authorization token 调用接龙 API
 5. 解析响应，存储记录
 6. 返回结果
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ CheckIn App V2 采用用户-任务分离架构，一个用户可管理多个打
 ### 会话清理
 
 - 间隔: 24 小时
-- 功能: 删除旧的 Selenium 会话文件
+- 功能: 删除旧的 Playwright 会话文件
 
 ### 用户清理
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ apps/backend/
 ├── services/     # 业务逻辑层
 ├── models/       # 数据模型层
 ├── schemas/      # 请求响应模型
-├── workers/      # Selenium 工作模块
+├── workers/      # Playwright 工作模块
 └── scripts/      # 工具脚本
 ```
 

docs/deployment.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 ### 系统要求
 
 - Ubuntu 20.04+ / CentOS 7+ / Windows Server
-- Python 3.9+
+- Python 3.12+
 - uv
 - Node.js 20+
 - pnpm
@@ -191,14 +191,15 @@ sudo lsof -i :8000
 sudo kill -9 <PID>
 ```
 
-### Selenium 问题
+### Playwright 问题
 
 ```bash
-# 检查 Chrome 版本
+# 安装浏览器
-chromium --version
+uv run playwright install chromium
-chromedriver --version
 
-# 确保版本匹配
+# 检查系统浏览器（可选）
+chromium --version
+google-chrome --version
 ```
 
 ### 权限问题

docs/development.md

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ apps/backend/
 │   ├── template_service.py
 │   └── registration_manager.py
 │
-└── workers/             # Selenium 自动化
+└── workers/             # Playwright 自动化
     ├── token_refresher.py    # QQ 登录
     ├── check_in_worker.py    # 打卡执行
     └── email_notifier.py     # 邮件发送
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ engine = create_engine(
 )
 ```
 
-### Selenium 超时
+### Playwright 超时
 
 增加等待时间:
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name = "checkin-app-backend"
 version = "0.1.0"
 description = "FastAPI backend for CheckIn App"
 readme = "README.md"
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.12"
 dependencies = [
     "apscheduler>=3.10.4",
     "bcrypt>=4.2.2",
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "pyjwt>=2.10.1",
     "python-dotenv>=1.0.1",
     "requests>=2.32.3",
-    "selenium>=4.28.1",
+    "playwright>=1.50.0",
     "slowapi>=0.1.9",
     "sqlalchemy>=2.0.36",
     "uvicorn[standard]>=0.34.0",
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespaces = true
 
 [tool.ruff]
 line-length = 100
-target-version = "py39"
+target-version = "py312"
 src = ["apps", "tests"]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint]

tests/test_backend_browser_automation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from backend.workers.browser_automation import (
+    PlaywrightLaunchConfig,
+    extract_cookie_value,
+    extract_payload_header,
+)
+
+
+def test_payload_header_extraction_is_case_insensitive() -> None:
+    headers = {
+        "Accept": "application/json",
+        "X-API-Request-Payload": "live-signature",
+    }
+
+    assert extract_payload_header(headers) == "live-signature"
+
+
+def test_payload_header_extraction_ignores_blank_values() -> None:
+    headers = {"x-api-request-payload": "   "}
+
+    assert extract_payload_header(headers) is None
+
+
+def test_cookie_value_extraction_finds_named_cookie() -> None:
+    cookies = [
+        {"name": "other", "value": "unused"},
+        {"name": "token", "value": "qq-token"},
+    ]
+
+    assert extract_cookie_value(cookies, "token") == "qq-token"
+
+
+def test_launch_config_uses_optional_executable_path() -> None:
+    config = PlaywrightLaunchConfig(executable_path="/usr/bin/chromium")
+
+    assert config.to_launch_kwargs()["executable_path"] == "/usr/bin/chromium"